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This remarkable fossil is a symphyseal tooth whorl from the lower jaw of an edestoid shark. It is in fossiliferous limestone of the Permian-aged Phosphoria Formation in Idaho. Sharks have a cartilaginous skeleton and mineralized, phosphatic teeth (as are all vertebrate teeth). Helicoprion is undoubtedly the strangest shark in geologic history (see reconstructions elsewhere in this photo album).\n
Some paleontologists have interpreted the tooth whorl of this shark as part of a coiled lower jaw that may have been whipped outward and back to capture fish prey. Although intriguing, this type of reconstruction is almost certainly incorrect. Instead of an external lower tooth whorl, the tooth whorl was likely internal. The latter interpretation is based on well-preserved specimens with soft-part preservation from Idaho Phosphoria Formation concretions.\n
\nFrom museum signage:\nThis stunning fossil is a shark tooth-whorl. A whorl is a spiral of teeth that Helicoprion sharks evolved 250 million years ago. This species of early shark may have been more than 10 feet long and used its unusual teeth to injure and disable prey.\n
\nClassification: Animalia, Chordata, Vertebrata, Chondrichthyes, Elasmobranchii, Eugeneodontida, Edestoidea, Agassizodontidae/Helicoprionidae\n
Stratigraphy: Phosphoria Formation (a.k.a. Park City Formation), Roadian Stage to Wordian Stage, mid-Permian\n
\nLocality: unrecorded/undisclosed site in Idaho (likely southeastern Idaho), USA", "source": "commons-desc-page" }, "DateTimeOriginal": { "value": "2012-06-10 10:18:29", "source": "commons-desc-page" }, "Credit": { "value": "https://www.flickr.com/photos/jsjgeology/33484853213/", "source": "commons-desc-page" }, "Artist": { "value": "James St. John", "source": "commons-desc-page" }, "LicenseShortName": { "value": "CC BY 2.0", "source": "commons-desc-page", "hidden": "" }, "UsageTerms": { "value": "Creative Commons Attribution 2.0", "source": "commons-desc-page" }, "AttributionRequired": { "value": "true", "source": "commons-desc-page", "hidden": "" }, "LicenseUrl": { "value": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0", "source": "commons-desc-page" }, "Copyrighted": { "value": "True", "source": "commons-desc-page", "hidden": "" }, "Restrictions": { "value": "", "source": "commons-desc-page", "hidden": "" }, "License": { "value": "cc-by-2.0", "source": "commons-templates", "hidden": "" } }, "mime": "image/jpeg" }, "metadata_status": "available" }, { "file_title": "Annals_of_the_New_York_Academy_of_Sciences_(1887)_(18414164855).jpg", "retrieved": "2026-10-31", "status": "downloaded", "local_file": "local_wiki/assets/media/16e93140ea446083da.jpg", "source_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/Annals_of_the_New_York_Academy_of_Sciences_%281887%29_%2818414164855%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "downloaded_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Annals_of_the_New_York_Academy_of_Sciences_%281887%29_%2818414164855%29.jpg/250px-Annals_of_the_New_York_Academy_of_Sciences_%281887%29_%2818414164855%29.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=parser&utm_content=thumbnail", "description_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Annals_of_the_New_York_Academy_of_Sciences_(1887)_(18414164855).jpg", "author": "Internet Archive Book Images", "credit": "https://www.flickr.com/photos/internetarchivebookimages/18414164855/", "license": "No restrictions", "license_url": "https://www.flickr.com/commons/usage/", "attribution_required": "false", "copyright_status": "True", "bytes": 23633, "sha256": "f920ecc4481a2249472dffacb85c44d0845e7b5907feb41f5cef183f4666d980", "raw_imageinfo": { "size": 1034279, "width": 2060, "height": 2528, "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/Annals_of_the_New_York_Academy_of_Sciences_%281887%29_%2818414164855%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "descriptionurl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Annals_of_the_New_York_Academy_of_Sciences_(1887)_(18414164855).jpg", "descriptionshorturl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=41759415", "sha1": "ab694215a53e18b933c9293b67890723856c45a7", "extmetadata": { "DateTime": { "value": "2015-07-22 05:37:50", "source": "mediawiki-metadata", "hidden": "" }, "ObjectName": { "value": "Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (1887) (18414164855)", "source": "mediawiki-metadata" }, "CommonsMetadataExtension": { "value": 1.2, "source": "extension", "hidden": "" }, "Categories": { "value": "Photos uploaded from Flickr by Fæ using a script|Flickr images reviewed by FlickreviewR|Files from Internet Archive Book Images Flickr stream|Files from Flickr's 'The Commons'|Media needing category review as of 22 July 2015|Holocephali jaws|Edestus teeth|Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (1887)", "source": "commons-categories", "hidden": "" }, "Assessments": { "value": "", "source": "commons-categories", "hidden": "" }, "ImageDescription": { "value": "Title: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
\nIdentifier: annalsofnewyor4188789newy (find matches)
\nYear: 1877 (1870s)
\nAuthors: New York Academy of Sciences
\nSubjects: Science
\nPublisher: New York, New York Academy of Sciences
\nContributing Library: Smithsonian Libraries
\nDigitizing Sponsor: Biodiversity Heritage Library
\n
\nView Book Page: Book Viewer
\nAbout This Book: Catalog Entry
\nView All Images: All Images From Book
\nClick here to view book online to see this illustration in context in a browseable online version of this book.
\n
\nText Appearing Before Image:
\nANNALS, VOL. IV, PLATE IV.
\nText Appearing After Image:
\n1. Edestus Davisii Woodvv'd. 2. Edestus vorax Leidy,
\n
\nNote About Images
\n
Title: Bulletin de la Société belge de géologie, de paléontologie et d'hydrologie
\nIdentifier: bulletindelasoc131899soci (find matches)
\nYear: 1887 (1880s)
\nAuthors: Société belge de géologie, de paléontologie et d'hydrologie
\nSubjects: Geology; Paleontology
\nPublisher: Bruxelles : The society
\nContributing Library: Smithsonian Libraries
\nDigitizing Sponsor: Biodiversity Heritage Library
\n
\nView Book Page: Book Viewer
\nAbout This Book: Catalog Entry
\nView All Images: All Images From Book
\nClick here to view book online to see this illustration in context in a browseable online version of this book.
\n
\nText Appearing Before Image:
\nBii!l. Soc. belge de Gfel, de Paléonlol, A d'Hydrol, T, XIII, 1899, Proc.-Verb., PI
\nText Appearing After Image:
\nSpire denticulée de Helicoprion Bessonowi (Karpinsky)
\n
\nNote About Images
\n
https://www.flickr.com/photos/internetarchivebookimages/20245928719/\n
\nHelicoprion ferrieri (Hay, 1907) - fossil shark tooth whorl from the Permian of Texas, USA. (public display, FMNH PF 7445, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Illinois, USA)\n
This remarkable fossil is a symphyseal tooth whorl from the lower jaw of an edestoid shark. It is in fossiliferous limestone of the Permian-aged Skinner Ranch Formation of Texas. Sharks have a cartilaginous skeleton and mineralized, phosphatic teeth (as are all vertebrate teeth). Helicoprion is undoubtedly the strangest shark in geologic history (see reconstructions elsewhere in this photo album). The specimen shown here is described in Kelly & Zangerl (1976) - Helicoprion (Edestidae) in the Permian of West Texas. Journal of Paleontology 50: 992-994.\n
Some paleontologists have interpreted the tooth whorl of this shark as part of a coiled lower jaw that may have been whipped outward and back to capture fish prey. Although intriguing, this type of reconstruction is almost certainly incorrect. Instead of an external lower tooth whorl, the tooth whorl was likely internal. The latter interpretation is based on well-preserved specimens with soft-part preservation from concretions in the Permian-aged Phosphoria Formation of southeastern Idaho, USA.\n
Classification: Animalia, Chordata, Vertebrata, Chondrichthyes, Elasmobranchii, Eugeneodontida, Edestoidea, Agassizodontidae/Helicoprionidae\n
Stratigraphy: Decie Ranch Member, Skinner Ranch Formation, Wolfcampian Series lower Lower Permian\n
Locality: Dugout Mountain, northern Brewster County, Glass Mountains, western Texas, USA\n
\nSee info. at:\n
\n<a href=\"http://web.uri.edu/celsnews/two-uri-biologists-solve-mystery-of-a-strange-ancient-shark/\" rel=\"nofollow\">web.uri.edu/celsnews/two-uri-biologists-solve-mystery-of-...</a>", "source": "commons-desc-page" }, "DateTimeOriginal": { "value": "2010-08-21 17:02", "source": "commons-desc-page" }, "Credit": { "value": "Helicoprion ferrieri (fossil shark tooth whorl) (Skinner Ranch Formation, Lower Permian; Dugout Mountain, Brewster County, Texas, USA) 3", "source": "commons-desc-page" }, "Artist": { "value": "James St. John", "source": "commons-desc-page" }, "LicenseShortName": { "value": "CC BY 2.0", "source": "commons-desc-page", "hidden": "" }, "UsageTerms": { "value": "Creative Commons Attribution 2.0", "source": "commons-desc-page" }, "AttributionRequired": { "value": "true", "source": "commons-desc-page", "hidden": "" }, "LicenseUrl": { "value": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0", "source": "commons-desc-page" }, "Copyrighted": { "value": "True", "source": "commons-desc-page", "hidden": "" }, "Restrictions": { "value": "", "source": "commons-desc-page", "hidden": "" }, "License": { "value": "cc-by-2.0", "source": "commons-templates", "hidden": "" } }, "mime": "image/jpeg" }, "metadata_status": "available" }, { "file_title": "Parahelicoprion_holotype_composite_1927.jpg", "retrieved": "2026-10-31", "status": "downloaded", "local_file": "local_wiki/assets/media/ce39ee83d129391b42.jpg", "source_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/Parahelicoprion_holotype_composite_1927.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "downloaded_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Parahelicoprion_holotype_composite_1927.jpg/250px-Parahelicoprion_holotype_composite_1927.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=parser&utm_content=thumbnail", "description_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Parahelicoprion_holotype_composite_1927.jpg", "author": "Alexander Karpinsky", "credit": "https://www.google.com/books/edition/_/xLoRAAAAIAAJ?hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjExdOiu8qJAxWzMVkFHfzVAMYQre8FegQIFBAE", "license": "Public domain", "license_url": "", "attribution_required": "false", "copyright_status": "False", "bytes": 17983, "sha256": "85f835b6d15061e1ae25bb61ea42de803eb4b124b0fb63fdc3c05743d5819b35", "raw_imageinfo": { "size": 1023745, "width": 1360, "height": 1025, "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/Parahelicoprion_holotype_composite_1927.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "descriptionurl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Parahelicoprion_holotype_composite_1927.jpg", "descriptionshorturl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=154972409", "sha1": "9a23c38f17d9e3d870316443db2dd2b2db8996eb", "extmetadata": { "DateTime": { "value": "2024-11-07 14:50:39", "source": "mediawiki-metadata", "hidden": "" }, "ObjectName": { "value": "Parahelicoprion holotype composite 1927", "source": "mediawiki-metadata" }, "CommonsMetadataExtension": { "value": 1.2, "source": "extension", "hidden": "" }, "Categories": { "value": "Parahelicoprion|Author died more than 70 years ago public domain images|PD US expired|CC-PD-Mark|PD-old missing SDC copyright status|PD-US missing SDC copyright status|Eugeneodontiformes teeth|Chondrichthyes holotypes", "source": "commons-categories", "hidden": "" }, "Assessments": { "value": "", "source": "commons-categories", "hidden": "" }, "ImageDescription": { "value": "A composite whorl of Parahelicoprion consisting of fragments collected between 1916-1926 in the Ural Mountains. 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tooth whorl from the Permian of Idaho, USA. (IMNH 37899, Idaho Museum of Natural History, Idaho State University, Pocatello, Idaho, USA)\n
This remarkable fossil is a symphyseal tooth whorl from the lower jaw of an edestoid shark. It is in phosphatic limestone of the Permian-aged Phosphoria Formation in Idaho. Sharks have a cartilaginous skeleton and mineralized, phosphatic teeth (as are all vertebrate teeth). Helicoprion is undoubtedly the strangest shark in geologic history (see reconstructions elsewhere in this photo album and at the links given below).\n
Helicoprion tooth whorls are almost always in large concretions, which are subspherical to rounded discoidal masses of relatively hard, fine-grained material (e.g., siderite, calcite, iron oxides). In the Idaho example shown above, the concretion is phosphate-rich carbonate rock. Permian phosphorite successions in southeastern Idaho are fossiliferous and include Helicoprion tooth spirals. The high-grade phosphorite rocks have economic significance and are mined. At the Monsanto phosphorite mine in Idaho, the waste rock piles are huge and rich in fossils. The general stratigraphy at the Monsanto mine is:\nBed of low-grade phosporus ore\nShale with concretions (waste rock)\nCenter waste shale (waste rock)\nChert layer (waste rock)\nBed of high-grade phosphorus ore\n
Some paleontologists have interpreted the tooth whorl of Helicoprion sharks as part of a externally coiled lower jaw that may have been whipped outward and back to capture fish prey. Although intriguing, this type of reconstruction is incorrect. Instead, the tooth whorl was internal (inside the lower jaw tissues), and occupied the entire length of the lower jaw. The latter interpretation is based on the specimen shown above - it has soft-part preservation exposed at the surface, and CT scanning revealed more soft-part structures inside the rock specimen (see links below).\n
The spiral has been interpreted as a single tooth with numerous cusps. The oldest cusps are the smallest and occur at the center of the whorl. New, larger cusps were generated near the articulation joint between the shark's lower jaw (mandible) and the rest of the head. Helicoprion was an experiment in tooth retention - this shark could not eject teeth, unlike modern sharks.\n
Helicoprion sharks had modern-style scales on the body surface. Such scales result in no ripples and no sound while swimming - useful features in a marine predator. The classic interpretation of this shark having an external, open whorl as its lower jaw defeats the no-ripples-no-sound advantage of modern-style shark scales. An open, external tooth whorl is not hydrodynamic.\n
Classification: Animalia, Chordata, Vertebrata, Chondrichthyes, Elasmobranchii, Eugeneodontida, Edestoidea, Agassizodontidae/Helicoprionidae\n
Stratigraphy: Phosphoria Formation, Roadian Stage to Wordian Stage, mid-Permian\n
Locality: Waterloo Mine, Southeastern Idaho Phosphate Mining District, near the town of Montpelier, southeastern Idaho, USA\n
\nThanks to Jesse Pruitt who provided info. and access to Helicoprion museum specimens.\n
\nSee info. at:\n<a href=\"http://web.uri.edu/celsnews/two-uri-biologists-solve-mystery-of-a-strange-ancient-shark/\" rel=\"nofollow\">web.uri.edu/celsnews/two-uri-biologists-solve-mystery-of-...</a>\nand\n
\n<a href=\"http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/9/2/20130057\" rel=\"nofollow\">rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/9/2/20130057</a>", "source": "commons-desc-page" }, "DateTimeOriginal": { "value": "2011-07-13 15:07", "source": "commons-desc-page" }, "Credit": { "value": "Helicoprion ferrieri (fossil shark tooth whorl) in phosphatic limestone (Phosphoria Formation, mid-Permian; Waterloo Mine, near Montpelier, Idaho, USA) 1", "source": "commons-desc-page" }, "Artist": { "value": "James St. John", "source": "commons-desc-page" }, "LicenseShortName": { "value": "CC BY 2.0", "source": "commons-desc-page", "hidden": "" }, "UsageTerms": { "value": "Creative Commons Attribution 2.0", "source": "commons-desc-page" }, "AttributionRequired": { "value": "true", "source": "commons-desc-page", "hidden": "" }, "LicenseUrl": { "value": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0", "source": "commons-desc-page" }, "Copyrighted": { "value": "True", "source": "commons-desc-page", "hidden": "" }, "Restrictions": { "value": "", "source": "commons-desc-page", "hidden": "" }, "License": { "value": "cc-by-2.0", "source": "commons-templates", "hidden": "" } }, "mime": "image/jpeg" }, "metadata_status": "available" }, { "file_title": "Helicoprion_skull_diagram_(NP).png", "retrieved": "2026-10-31", "status": "downloaded", "local_file": "local_wiki/assets/media/efddf33adf2187c56b.png", "source_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Helicoprion_skull_diagram_%28NP%29.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "downloaded_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Helicoprion_skull_diagram_%28NP%29.png/250px-Helicoprion_skull_diagram_%28NP%29.png?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=parser&utm_content=thumbnail", "description_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Helicoprion_skull_diagram_(NP).png", "author": "Neil Pezzoni", "credit": "Own work", "license": "CC BY 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "attribution_required": "true", "copyright_status": "True", "bytes": 52213, "sha256": "08c151b6fdf6ad2764a71c83bbf1f9374c844e37bb7da290a44bff6c71b1bc03", "raw_imageinfo": { "size": 166055, "width": 862, "height": 940, "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Helicoprion_skull_diagram_%28NP%29.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "descriptionurl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Helicoprion_skull_diagram_(NP).png", "descriptionshorturl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=100111977", "sha1": "650da2b87a31d3d44866b6c667195b8dace49b8b", "extmetadata": { "DateTime": { "value": "2021-02-20 04:17:06", "source": "mediawiki-metadata", "hidden": "" }, "ObjectName": { "value": "Helicoprion skull diagram (NP)", "source": "mediawiki-metadata" }, "CommonsMetadataExtension": { "value": 1.2, "source": "extension", "hidden": "" }, "Categories": { "value": "Self-published work|Chondrichthyes skull illustrations|Helicoprion skulls|Paleo-illustrations by NGPezz", "source": "commons-categories", "hidden": "" }, "Assessments": { "value": "", "source": "commons-categories", "hidden": "" }, "ImageDescription": { "value": "Skull diagram of Helicoprion davisii, based on specimen IMNH 37899 as described and illustrated by Tapanila et al. (2013) and Ramsay et al. (2014/15). The chondrocranium/neurocranium is not preserved in the fossil. It has been reconstructed based on preserved material from Caseodus, Ornithoprion, Fadenia, Edestus, and other autodiastylic holocephalans, as well as artwork published in Tapanila et al. (2013) by Ray Troll. In life, the majority of the tooth whorl would have been protected by an \"encasing cartilage\" (sensu Ramsay et al. (2014/15)); the encasing cartilage is not shown here, in order to better illustrate the structure of the tooth whorl.", "source": "commons-desc-page" }, "DateTimeOriginal": { "value": "2021-02-19", "source": "commons-desc-page" }, "Credit": { "value": "Own work", "source": "commons-desc-page" }, "Artist": { "value": "Neil Pezzoni", "source": "commons-desc-page" }, "LicenseShortName": { "value": "CC BY 4.0", "source": "commons-desc-page", "hidden": "" }, "UsageTerms": { "value": "Creative Commons Attribution 4.0", "source": "commons-desc-page" }, "AttributionRequired": { "value": "true", "source": "commons-desc-page", "hidden": "" }, "LicenseUrl": { "value": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "source": "commons-desc-page" }, "Copyrighted": { "value": "True", "source": "commons-desc-page", "hidden": "" }, "Restrictions": { "value": "", "source": "commons-desc-page", "hidden": "" }, "License": { "value": "cc-by-4.0", "source": "commons-templates", "hidden": "" } }, "mime": "image/png" }, "metadata_status": "available" }, { "file_title": "Helicoprion_sp._(fossil_shark_tooth_whorl)_(Phosphoria_Formation,_mid-Permian;_Gay_Mine,_Bingham_County,_Idaho,_USA)_1_(33558053323).jpg", "retrieved": "2026-10-31", "status": "downloaded", "local_file": "local_wiki/assets/media/36c4cb303eeea99fa0.jpg", "source_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/Helicoprion_sp._%28fossil_shark_tooth_whorl%29_%28Phosphoria_Formation%2C_mid-Permian%3B_Gay_Mine%2C_Bingham_County%2C_Idaho%2C_USA%29_1_%2833558053323%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "downloaded_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Helicoprion_sp._%28fossil_shark_tooth_whorl%29_%28Phosphoria_Formation%2C_mid-Permian%3B_Gay_Mine%2C_Bingham_County%2C_Idaho%2C_USA%29_1_%2833558053323%29.jpg/250px-Helicoprion_sp._%28fossil_shark_tooth_whorl%29_%28Phosphoria_Formation%2C_mid-Permian%3B_Gay_Mine%2C_Bingham_County%2C_Idaho%2C_USA%29_1_%2833558053323%29.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=parser&utm_content=thumbnail", "description_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Helicoprion_sp._(fossil_shark_tooth_whorl)_(Phosphoria_Formation,_mid-Permian;_Gay_Mine,_Bingham_County,_Idaho,_USA)_1_(33558053323).jpg", "author": "James St. John", "credit": "Helicoprion sp. (fossil shark tooth whorl) (Phosphoria Formation, mid-Permian; Gay Mine, Bingham County, Idaho, USA) 1", "license": "CC BY 2.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0", "attribution_required": "true", "copyright_status": "True", "bytes": 22712, "sha256": "be5969299c5ad7ae8286417fc5ccc8a7008affa8305a6297437937d1225d1ed2", "raw_imageinfo": { "size": 5955438, "width": 3008, "height": 2000, "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/Helicoprion_sp._%28fossil_shark_tooth_whorl%29_%28Phosphoria_Formation%2C_mid-Permian%3B_Gay_Mine%2C_Bingham_County%2C_Idaho%2C_USA%29_1_%2833558053323%29.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "descriptionurl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Helicoprion_sp._(fossil_shark_tooth_whorl)_(Phosphoria_Formation,_mid-Permian;_Gay_Mine,_Bingham_County,_Idaho,_USA)_1_(33558053323).jpg", "descriptionshorturl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=84647608", "sha1": "3b46b3e6385541176d8940b0ad8ebddf2bf2a40f", "extmetadata": { "DateTime": { "value": "2019-12-06 01:32:56", "source": "mediawiki-metadata", "hidden": "" }, "ObjectName": { "value": "Helicoprion sp. (fossil shark tooth whorl) (Phosphoria Formation, mid-Permian; Gay Mine, Bingham County, Idaho, USA) 1 (33558053323)", "source": "mediawiki-metadata" }, "CommonsMetadataExtension": { "value": 1.2, "source": "extension", "hidden": "" }, "Categories": { "value": "Flickr images reviewed by FlickreviewR 2|Files from James St. John Flickr stream|Helicoprion teeth", "source": "commons-categories", "hidden": "" }, "Assessments": { "value": "", "source": "commons-categories", "hidden": "" }, "ImageDescription": { "value": "Helicoprion sp. - fossil shark tooth whorl from the Permian of Idaho, USA. (IMNH, Idaho Museum of Natural History, Idaho State University, Pocatello, Idaho, USA)\n
This remarkable fossil is a symphyseal tooth whorl from the lower jaw of an edestoid shark. It is in a brown concretion from the Permian-aged Phosphoria Formation in Idaho. Sharks have a cartilaginous skeleton and mineralized, phosphatic teeth (as are all vertebrate teeth). Helicoprion is undoubtedly the strangest shark in geologic history (see reconstructions elsewhere in this photo album and at the links given below).\n
Helicoprion tooth whorls are almost always in large concretions, which are subspherical to rounded discoidal masses of relatively hard, fine-grained material (e.g., siderite, calcite, iron oxides).\n
Some paleontologists have interpreted the tooth whorl of Helicoprion sharks as part of a externally coiled lower jaw that may have been whipped outward and back to capture fish prey. Although intriguing, this type of reconstruction is incorrect. Instead, the tooth whorl was internal (inside the lower jaw tissues), and occupied the entire length of the lower jaw. The latter interpretation is based on an Idaho specimen with preserved soft-parts (see links below).\n
The spiral has been interpreted as a single tooth with numerous cusps. The oldest cusps are the smallest and occur at the center of the whorl. New, larger cusps were generated near the articulation joint between the shark's lower jaw (mandible) and the rest of the head. Helicoprion was an experiment in tooth retention - this shark could not eject teeth, unlike modern sharks.\n
Helicoprion sharks had modern-style scales on the body surface. Such scales result in no ripples and no sound while swimming - useful features in a marine predator. The classic interpretation of this shark having an external, open whorl as its lower jaw defeats the no-ripples-no-sound advantage of modern-style shark scales. An open, external tooth whorl is not hydrodynamic.\n
Classification: Animalia, Chordata, Vertebrata, Chondrichthyes, Elasmobranchii, Eugeneodontida, Edestoidea, Agassizodontidae/Helicoprionidae\n
Stratigraphy: Phosphoria Formation, Roadian Stage to Wordian Stage, mid-Permian\n
Locality: Gay Mine, Southeastern Idaho Phosphate Mining District, Bingham County, southeastern Idaho, USA\n
\nThanks to Jesse Pruitt who provided info. and access to Helicoprion museum specimens.\n
\nSee info. at:\n<a href=\"http://web.uri.edu/celsnews/two-uri-biologists-solve-mystery-of-a-strange-ancient-shark/\" rel=\"nofollow\">web.uri.edu/celsnews/two-uri-biologists-solve-mystery-of-...</a>\nand\n
\n<a href=\"http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/9/2/20130057\" rel=\"nofollow\">rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/9/2/20130057</a>", "source": "commons-desc-page" }, "DateTimeOriginal": { "value": "2011-07-12 14:09", "source": "commons-desc-page" }, "Credit": { "value": "Helicoprion sp. (fossil shark tooth whorl) (Phosphoria Formation, mid-Permian; Gay Mine, Bingham County, Idaho, USA) 1", "source": "commons-desc-page" }, "Artist": { "value": "James St. John", "source": "commons-desc-page" }, "LicenseShortName": { "value": "CC BY 2.0", "source": "commons-desc-page", "hidden": "" }, "UsageTerms": { "value": "Creative Commons Attribution 2.0", "source": "commons-desc-page" }, "AttributionRequired": { "value": "true", "source": "commons-desc-page", "hidden": "" }, "LicenseUrl": { "value": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0", "source": "commons-desc-page" }, "Copyrighted": { "value": "True", "source": "commons-desc-page", "hidden": "" }, "Restrictions": { "value": "", "source": "commons-desc-page", "hidden": "" }, "License": { "value": "cc-by-2.0", "source": "commons-templates", "hidden": "" } }, "mime": "image/jpeg" }, "metadata_status": "available" }, { "file_title": "Fadenia_crenulata.png", "retrieved": "2026-10-31", "status": "downloaded", "local_file": "local_wiki/assets/media/36d158d6b98447cf21.png", "source_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/Fadenia_crenulata.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "downloaded_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Fadenia_crenulata.png/120px-Fadenia_crenulata.png?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=parser&utm_content=thumbnail", "description_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fadenia_crenulata.png", "author": "Dmitry Bogdanov", "credit": "File:Fadenia_crenulata.jpg", "license": "CC BY 3.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0", "attribution_required": "true", "copyright_status": "True", "bytes": 6877, "sha256": "0961700bb395f7f5b61b9d2cd7e3018877c45d3bee73ecdfa9ec8f8eb8165e77", "raw_imageinfo": { "size": 250311, "width": 840, "height": 500, "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/Fadenia_crenulata.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "descriptionurl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fadenia_crenulata.png", "descriptionshorturl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=180532113", "sha1": "07057fa52d9548e3edf0db8e81a60a2bab0edb39", "extmetadata": { "DateTime": { "value": "2025-12-23 00:51:03", "source": "mediawiki-metadata", "hidden": "" }, "ObjectName": { "value": "Fadenia crenulata", "source": "mediawiki-metadata" }, "CommonsMetadataExtension": { "value": 1.2, "source": "extension", "hidden": "" }, "Categories": { "value": "Fadenia|Eugeneodontiformes life restorations", "source": "commons-categories", "hidden": "" }, "Assessments": { "value": "", "source": "commons-categories", "hidden": "" }, "ImageDescription": { "value": "English: Fadenia crenulata - eugeneodontid from Permian of Greenland\nРусский: Fadenia crenulata - евгенеодонтид из перми Гренландии", "source": "commons-desc-page" }, "DateTimeOriginal": { "value": "2008", "source": "commons-desc-page" }, "Credit": { "value": "File:Fadenia_crenulata.jpg", "source": "commons-desc-page" }, "Artist": { "value": "Dmitry Bogdanov", "source": "commons-desc-page" }, "LicenseShortName": { "value": "CC BY 3.0", "source": "commons-desc-page", "hidden": "" }, "UsageTerms": { "value": "Creative Commons Attribution 3.0", "source": "commons-desc-page" }, "AttributionRequired": { "value": "true", "source": "commons-desc-page", "hidden": "" }, "LicenseUrl": { "value": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0", "source": "commons-desc-page" }, "Copyrighted": { "value": "True", "source": "commons-desc-page", "hidden": "" }, "Restrictions": { "value": "", "source": "commons-desc-page", "hidden": "" }, "License": { "value": "cc-by-3.0", "source": "commons-templates", "hidden": "" } }, "mime": "image/png" }, "metadata_status": "available" }, { "file_title": "Ornithoprion.png", "retrieved": "2026-10-31", "status": "downloaded", "local_file": "local_wiki/assets/media/74f879f3817c8e673c.png", "source_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/Ornithoprion.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "downloaded_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Ornithoprion.png/120px-Ornithoprion.png?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=parser&utm_content=thumbnail", "description_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ornithoprion.png", "author": "Gasmasque", "credit": "Own work", "license": "CC BY 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "attribution_required": "true", "copyright_status": "True", "bytes": 7053, "sha256": "1243a37101d7c41f74c0a192aeb6d1adb15399055445f2a5c6f8007290779a04", "raw_imageinfo": { "size": 1662937, "width": 2800, "height": 1500, "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/Ornithoprion.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "descriptionurl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ornithoprion.png", "descriptionshorturl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=165764440", "sha1": "fb43011be34bc47be5e76034d03f4327520210b0", "extmetadata": { "DateTime": { "value": "2025-05-21 18:35:02", "source": "mediawiki-metadata", "hidden": "" }, "ObjectName": { "value": "Ornithoprion", "source": "mediawiki-metadata" }, "CommonsMetadataExtension": { "value": 1.2, "source": "extension", "hidden": "" }, "Categories": { "value": "Self-published work|Eugeneodontiformes|Eugeneodontiformes life restorations|Ornithoprion", "source": "commons-categories", "hidden": "" }, "Assessments": { "value": "", "source": "commons-categories", "hidden": "" }, "ImageDescription": { "value": "Reconstruction of Ornithoprion hertwigi, with a head based on Zangerl (1966) and a body based on figures and descriptions in Zangerl (1981) and Mutter & Neuman (2008). Tooth whorl based on radiograph in Zangerl (1981). Non-whorl dentition is disarticulated in described specimens, but is interpreted by Zangerl (1966) in a configuration like that shown here (posterior bar-shaped pavement, anterior whorls). V-shaped teeth are not speculative, and are explicitly considered to form a midline row in the upper jaw by Zangerl. Both Zangerl (1966) and Mutter & Neuman (2008) describe the taxon as having either five or six gill arches, with Mutter & Neuman suggesting the sixth may have been vestigial in eugeneodonts. Five externally visible gill slits are used here a that is likely the most parsimonious. Large eye is based on the size of the socket and the preserved scleral rings described by Mutter & Neuman (2008) and Nielsen (1932) in Fadenia. Zangerl (1981) explicitly states that the shape of the body varies extremely little in Caseodontoidea, and the group is morphologically conserved. Body shape in this illustration is closely based on that of the caseodonts Romerodus orodontus, Fadenia crenulata and F. uroclasmato in accordance with this.\nColoration is entirely speculative, but based loosely on Triakis semifasciata (leopard shark) and members of Scyliorhinidae (catsharks) because of inferred ecology. While solid brown or gray on top and light on the bottom would have been a \"safer\" bet, I don't think there is any policy against going for a more visually striking patterning even if speculative, and published eugeodont illustrations frequently opt to give them more varied patterning (works of Jesse Pruitt or Ray Troll in e.g. Tapanila et al., 2013; 2020).", "source": "commons-desc-page" }, "DateTimeOriginal": { "value": "2025-05-17", "source": "commons-desc-page" }, "Credit": { "value": "Own work", "source": "commons-desc-page" }, "Artist": { "value": "Gasmasque", "source": "commons-desc-page" }, "LicenseShortName": { "value": "CC BY 4.0", "source": "commons-desc-page", "hidden": "" }, "UsageTerms": { "value": "Creative Commons Attribution 4.0", "source": "commons-desc-page" }, "AttributionRequired": { "value": "true", "source": "commons-desc-page", "hidden": "" }, "LicenseUrl": { "value": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "source": "commons-desc-page" }, "Copyrighted": { "value": "True", "source": "commons-desc-page", "hidden": "" }, "Restrictions": { "value": "", "source": "commons-desc-page", "hidden": "" }, "License": { "value": "cc-by-4.0", "source": "commons-templates", "hidden": "" } }, "mime": "image/png" }, "metadata_status": "available" }, { "file_title": "Romerodus.png", "retrieved": "2026-10-31", "status": "downloaded", "local_file": "local_wiki/assets/media/458683df626cc0c01e.png", "source_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/Romerodus.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "downloaded_url": "https://thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Romerodus.png/120px-Romerodus.png?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=parser&utm_content=thumbnail", "description_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Romerodus.png", "author": "Gasmasque", "credit": "Own work", "license": "CC BY 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0", "attribution_required": "true", "copyright_status": "True", "bytes": 5727, "sha256": "eb172aeb946f08821f64bed07706ca138a6b4052f852c3f714f60cb6dad14e63", "raw_imageinfo": { "size": 1482521, "width": 3600, "height": 2100, "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/Romerodus.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original", "descriptionurl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Romerodus.png", "descriptionshorturl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=116045944", "sha1": "567c058ff5f423cfcaf1e2ebb09341386254cfde", "extmetadata": { "DateTime": { "value": "2022-03-13 20:26:34", "source": "mediawiki-metadata", "hidden": "" }, "ObjectName": { "value": "Romerodus", "source": "mediawiki-metadata" }, "CommonsMetadataExtension": { "value": 1.2, "source": "extension", "hidden": "" }, "Categories": { "value": "Self-published work|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 with different SDC copyright license|Eugeneodontiformes life restorations|Romerodus", "source": "commons-categories", "hidden": "" }, "Assessments": { "value": "", "source": "commons-categories", "hidden": "" }, "ImageDescription": { "value": "A life restoration of the Eugeneodont fish Romerodus, based on preserved soft tissue seen in a specimen figured in A Pictorial Guide to Fossils and now in the collection of Rene Kindlimann. 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