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    "species": "早期爬行动物",
    "key": "reptile",
    "doi": "10.1126/sciadv.abq1898",
    "title": "Successive climate crises in the deep past drove the early evolution and radiation of reptiles",
    "journal": "Science Advances",
    "year": 2022,
    "scope": "Group-level context; no specimen identification",
    "selection": "Major multidisciplinary research",
    "summary_en": "Combines reptile evolutionary patterns with Permian–Triassic climate data. The study associates climatic change with shifts in evolutionary rates and body size; it is relevant background for the broad label.",
    "summary_zh": "结合二叠纪—三叠纪气候与爬行动物演化资料，讨论气候变化同演化速率及体型变化的联系；适合作为类群背景。",
    "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9390993/",
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      "abstract": "<jats:p>Climate change–induced mass extinctions provide unique opportunities to explore the impacts of global environmental disturbances on organismal evolution. However, their influence on terrestrial ecosystems remains poorly understood. Here, we provide a new time tree for the early evolution of reptiles and their closest relatives to reconstruct how the Permian-Triassic climatic crises shaped their long-term evolutionary trajectory. By combining rates of phenotypic evolution, mode of selection, body size, and global temperature data, we reveal an intimate association between reptile evolutionary dynamics and climate change in the deep past. We show that the origin and phenotypic radiation of reptiles was not solely driven by ecological opportunity following the end-Permian extinction as previously thought but also the result of multiple adaptive responses to climatic shifts spanning 57 million years.</jats:p>",
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    "title": "Earliest amniote tracks recalibrate the timeline of tetrapod evolution",
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    "summary_en": "Reports clawed tracks interpreted as early crown amniotes, potentially extending their record by 35–40 million years. Trackmaker identity is an inference; this does not identify the exhibit animal.",
    "summary_zh": "报道被解释为早期冠群羊膜动物的具爪足迹，可能将记录前推3500万至4000万年。造迹者身份属推断，不能用于鉴定展品。",
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      "abstract": "<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title>\n          <jats:p>The known fossil record of crown-group amniotes begins in the late Carboniferous with the sauropsid trackmaker <jats:italic>Notalacerta</jats:italic>\n            <jats:sup>1,2</jats:sup> and the sauropsid body fossil <jats:italic>Hylonomus</jats:italic>\n            <jats:sup>1–4</jats:sup>. The earliest body fossils of crown-group tetrapods are mid-Carboniferous, and the oldest trackways are early Carboniferous<jats:sup>5–7</jats:sup>. This suggests that the tetrapod crown group originated in the earliest Carboniferous (early Tournaisian), with the amniote crown group appearing in the early part of the late Carboniferous. Here we present new trackway data from Australia that challenge this widely accepted timeline. A track-bearing slab from the Snowy Plains Formation of Victoria, Taungurung Country, securely dated to the early Tournaisian<jats:sup>8,9</jats:sup>, shows footprints from a crown-group amniote with clawed feet, most probably a primitive sauropsid. This pushes back the likely origin of crown-group amniotes by at least 35–40 million years. We also extend the range of <jats:italic>Notalacerta</jats:italic> into the early Carboniferous. The Australian tracks indicate that the amniote crown-group node cannot be much younger than the Devonian/Carboniferous boundary, and that the tetrapod crown-group node must be located deep within the Devonian; an estimate based on molecular-tree branch lengths suggests an approximate age of early Frasnian for the latter. The implications for the early evolution of tetrapods are profound; all stem-tetrapod and stem-amniote lineages must have originated during the Devonian. It seems that tetrapod evolution proceeded much faster, and the Devonian tetrapod record is much less complete, than has been thought.</jats:p>",
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