Deep evolutionary origin of limb and fin regeneration.
肢体与鳍再生能力的深层演化起源

Authors / 作者: Darnet S, Dragalzew AC, Amaral DB, Sousa JF, Thompson AW, Cass AN, Lorena J, Pires ES, Costa CM, Sousa MP, Fröbisch NB, Oliveira G, Schneider PN, Davis MC, Braasch I, Schneider I.
Journal / 期刊: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
Year / 年份: 2019
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1900475116
Publisher / 出版社: https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.1900475116
Abstract source / 摘要来源: https://europepmc.org/article/MED/31270239

Author abstract / 作者原文摘要
Salamanders and lungfishes are the only sarcopterygians (lobe-finned vertebrates) capable of paired appendage regeneration, regardless of the amputation level. Among actinopterygians (ray-finned fishes), regeneration after amputation at the fin endoskeleton has only been demonstrated in polypterid fishes (Cladistia). Whether this ability evolved independently in sarcopterygians and actinopterygians or has a common origin remains unknown. Here we combine fin regeneration assays and comparative RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis of Polypterus and axolotl blastemas to provide support for a common origin of paired appendage regeneration in Osteichthyes (bony vertebrates). We show that, in addition to polypterids, regeneration after fin endoskeleton amputation occurs in extant representatives of 2 other nonteleost actinopterygians: the American paddlefish (Chondrostei) and the spotted gar (Holostei). Furthermore, we assessed regeneration in 4 teleost species and show that, with the exception of the blue gourami (Anabantidae), 3 species were capable of regenerating fins after endoskeleton amputation: the white convict and the oscar (Cichlidae), and the goldfish (Cyprinidae). Our comparative RNA-seq analysis of regenerating blastemas of axolotl and Polypterus reveals the activation of common genetic pathways and expression profiles, consistent with a shared genetic program of appendage regeneration. Comparison of RNA-seq data from early Polypterus blastema to single-cell RNA-seq data from axolotl limb bud and limb regeneration stages shows that Polypterus and axolotl share a regeneration-specific genetic program. Collectively, our findings support a deep evolutionary origin of paired appendage regeneration in Osteichthyes and provide an evolutionary framework for studies on the genetic basis of appendage regeneration.

Summary basis / 解读依据
摘要解读依据已查看的索引作者摘要；如已保存全文，可用于进一步阅读。
Summary based on the inspected indexed author abstract; archived full text, when available, is provided for further reading.

Key findings / 主要发现
再生实验发现，多种非真骨鱼及真骨鱼能在鳍内骨骼截断后再生。多鳍鱼与美西螈再生芽基的比较转录组显示，共享通路及再生特异表达模式，并非仅与一般发育过程相似。
Regeneration assays found endoskeletal fin regeneration in several nonteleost and teleost fishes. Comparative RNA sequencing of Polypterus and axolotl blastemas revealed shared pathways and regeneration-specific expression profiles, rather than similarity to development alone.

Conclusions / 结论
结果支持硬骨脊椎动物成对附肢再生具有共同的古老起源，无需假定其在辐鳍鱼和肉鳍鱼谱系中分别独立产生。
The results support a common ancient origin of paired-appendage regeneration in bony vertebrates, rather than requiring independent origins in ray-finned and lobe-finned lineages.

Relevance / 关联说明
直接研究清单物种，或研究广义类群中的代表物种。
Direct research on the listed species or a representative of the broadly named group.