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  {
    "species": "双翼鱼",
    "key": "dipterus",
    "doi": "10.1002/spp2.1016",
    "title": "The cranial endocast of the Middle Devonian dipnoan Dipterus valenciennesi and a fossilized dipnoan otoconial mass",
    "journal": "Papers in Palaeontology",
    "year": 2015,
    "scope": "Direct genus representative D. valenciennesi",
    "selection": "Direct specialist anatomical paper",
    "summary_en": "Micro-CT reveals a mixture of ancestral and derived endocranial features, including a preserved otoconial mass. Comparisons suggest changes in sensory function and activity through lungfish evolution.",
    "summary_zh": "显微CT揭示其颅内结构兼有祖征和衍征，并报道耳石团保存；比较结果用于讨论肺鱼感觉功能和活动方式的演化。",
    "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/spp2.1016",
    "access": "Verified citation and summary; full PDF not obtained",
    "local_file": null
  },
  {
    "species": "双翼鱼",
    "key": "lungbrain",
    "doi": "10.7554/eLife.73461",
    "title": "Morphometric analysis of lungfish endocasts elucidates early dipnoan palaeoneurological evolution",
    "journal": "eLife",
    "year": 2022,
    "scope": "Comparative dataset includes Dipterus",
    "selection": "Major comparative research",
    "summary_en": "Compares 12 lungfish endocasts using 17 measurements. Different sensory regions vary independently, showing that endocranial evolution was uneven rather than a single uniform change.",
    "summary_zh": "采用17项测量比较12个肺鱼内模，不同感觉相关区域表现出不同变化模式，显示颅内形态并非同步均一演化。",
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      "abstract": "<jats:p>The lobe-finned fish, lungfish (Dipnoi, Sarcoptergii), have persisted for ~400 million years from the Devonian Period to present day. The evolution of their dermal skull and dentition is relatively well understood, but this is not the case for the central nervous system. While the brain has poor preservation potential and is not currently known in any fossil lungfish, substantial indirect information about it and associated structures (e.g. labyrinths) can be obtained from the cranial endocast. However, before the recent development of X-ray tomography as a palaeontological tool, these endocasts could not be studied non-destructively, and few detailed studies were undertaken. Here, we describe and illustrate the endocasts of six Palaeozoic lungfish from tomographic scans. We combine these with six previously described digital lungfish endocasts (4 fossil and 2 recent taxa) into a 12-taxon dataset for multivariate morphometric analysis using 17 variables. We find that the olfactory region is more highly plastic than the hindbrain, and undergoes significant elongation in several taxa. Further, while the semicircular canals covary as an integrated module, the utriculus and sacculus vary independently of each other. Functional interpretation suggests that olfaction has remained a dominant sense throughout lungfish evolution, and changes in the labyrinth may potentially reflect a change from nektonic to near-shore environmental niches. Phylogenetic implications show that endocranial form fails to support monophyly of the ‘chirodipterids’. Those with elongated crania similarly fail to form a distinct clade, suggesting these two paraphyletic groups have converged towards either head elongation or truncation driven by non-phylogenetic constraints.</jats:p>",
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